Ethereum

Starknet’s core goal is to improve on-chain transaction processing efficiency without compromising Ethereum’s security. It uses Zero Knowledge Proof technology to execute a large number of transactions on Layer2, then submits the proof results back to the Ethereum mainnet for verification, reducing the burden on the main chain.

OKB, BNB, and GT are all exchange tokens issued by cryptocurrency trading platforms, making them frequent subjects of comparison among users. While all three provide trading fee discounts, ecosystem incentives, and platform equity, they differ significantly in their on-chain ecosystems, tokenomics, burn mechanisms, and overall strategic direction. BNB prioritizes the expansion of its public chain and multi-chain ecosystem, OKB focuses on the integration between its trading platform and Web3 infrastructure, and GT is centered on the development of its trading platform ecosystem, on-chain assets, and the GateChain network.

Starknet (STRK) is a Layer2 scaling network built on Ethereum. It mainly uses ZK Rollup, or zero knowledge Rollup, technology to improve transaction processing efficiency and reduce gas costs on the mainnet. Unlike executing every transaction directly on Ethereum’s main chain, Starknet first completes large amounts of transaction computation on Layer2, then submits the results back to Ethereum for verification through zero knowledge proofs.

X Layer is a Layer2 network developed by OKX to improve blockchain trade efficiency, lower on-chain costs, and expand the Web3 application ecosystem. Built on Polygon CDK and fully compatible with the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM), it allows developers to seamlessly migrate or deploy on-chain applications. Meanwhile, OKB is increasingly serving as a bridge for ecosystem coordination and on-chain application connectivity within the X Layer ecosystem.

Starknet is a Layer2 scaling network built on Ethereum. Its core goal is to increase blockchain transaction throughput and lower usage costs while inheriting Ethereum’s security. As the Ethereum mainnet has increasingly faced higher gas fees and network congestion, more Layer2 networks have begun exploring different technical approaches to the scaling problem. Starknet is one of the most representative ZK Rollup networks among them.

UNI serves as the governance token for the Uniswap protocol, enabling community governance, protocol upgrade proposals, and on-chain voting. UNI holders are empowered to participate in critical decisions concerning the protocol’s development side, treasury management, and trading fee mechanisms. Unlike exchange tokens on traditional trading platforms, UNI is designed to prioritize decentralized governance rather than offering trading discounts or return dividends. Leveraging on-chain governance, the Uniswap community can drive protocol upgrades and ecosystem expansion independently, without centralized institutional control.

Impermanent Loss (IL) refers to the risk of asset value deviation that Uniswap Liquidity Providers (LPs) may encounter when supplying liquidity. If the prices of assets within the liquidity pool fluctuate, the actual Asset Value held by the LP can fall below the value of simply holding the tokens. This loss primarily results from the AMM auto market-making mechanism and shifts in asset ratios. The greater the price volatility, the more significant the impermanent loss tends to be. While LPs can generate return through trading fee income, in highly volatile markets, these fees may not fully compensate for the potential losses.

Uniswap v4 represents the latest evolution of the Uniswap protocol, delivering advanced programmability and liquidity management for DeFi protocols through the integration of Hooks, customizable LPs, and a Singleton architecture. Compared to v3, v4 enables Developers to implement more tailored functionalities within Trade operations, liquidity management, and Trading Fee structures.

Uniswap is a decentralized trading protocol built on Ethereum, utilizing an Automated Market Maker (AMM) mechanism to facilitate on-chain token trading without the need for an Order Book. Users can interact directly with liquidity pools to swap assets, eliminating the dependence on centralized intermediary platforms.

Order book DEXs and AMMs are both widely used for on-chain asset trading, but they differ clearly in how prices are formed, how liquidity is structured, and how trades are executed. An order book DEX matches trades through buy and sell orders placed by users, while an AMM relies on liquidity pools and algorithms for automatic pricing.

dYdX (DYDX) is a decentralized derivatives protocol focused on perpetual contract trading. Through an independent appchain built on the Cosmos SDK, it provides users with a non-custodial, high-performance on-chain trading experience. Unlike traditional AMM-based DEXs, dYdX uses an order book model and off-chain matching mechanism, making it better suited to high-frequency trading and professional derivatives markets.

dYdX and Hyperliquid are both order book-based DEXs focused on on-chain perpetual futures trading, so they are often compared with each other. Although both emphasize a high-performance trading experience and low-latency matching, they differ significantly in their underlying chain structure, degree of decentralization, liquidity sources, and governance models. dYdX uses an appchain architecture built on the Cosmos SDK and secures its network through PoS validator nodes, while the DYDX token is used for both governance and staking. Hyperliquid, by contrast, uses a self-developed high-performance chain structure and places greater emphasis on ultra-low-latency trading and a unified liquidity experience.

Pendle (PENDLE) is a DeFi protocol focused on yield tokenization. By splitting yield-generating assets into Principal Tokens (PT) and Yield Tokens (YT), it enables users to trade principal and future yield separately. Through this mechanism, Pendle introduces fixed income opportunities, yield speculation, and interest rate risk management tools to DeFi. Its purpose-built time-decay AMM further establishes an on-chain interest rate market, positioning Pendle as key infrastructure in the DeFi fixed income space.

Gas Abstraction is an infrastructure mechanism designed to reduce the complexity of blockchain interactions. Its core goal is to allow users to complete transactions without directly managing on-chain gas payments. Through designs such as Open Gas, Account Abstraction, and realtime blockspace coordination, ETHGas attempts to create a more seamless Ethereum interaction experience. Compared with the traditional Ethereum Gas model, Gas Abstraction places greater emphasis on application-layer sponsorship, unified fee management, and realtime transaction execution. It is also regarded as one of the key infrastructure directions for the next generation of on-chain user experience.

ETHGas’s Pre-confirmation mechanism is an infrastructure design intended to improve Ethereum realtime transaction efficiency by allowing transactions to receive early execution confirmation before they are formally written into a block. Compared with the traditional Ethereum model, which relies only on final on-chain confirmation, Pre-confirmation can reduce transaction waiting time and improve the realtime nature of on-chain interactions. ETHGas combines Pre-confirmation with blockspace markets, Builder coordination, and realtime execution mechanisms to explore a new transaction execution structure under the direction of “Realtime Ethereum.”